DNA MANIA - Semantic

Ontology, thesaurus, taxonomy meta-model and semantic Web.

Frédéric — Sun, 08 Apr 2007 14:50:00 +0200

The first common question for the neophyte can be : What is the purpose of having a vocabulary ? The man for a few centuries likes to organize, cut out, structure, treat on a hierarchical basis. Sometimes this hierarchisation is so excessive that one loses the direction of them first as often arrived oneself among the naturalists of the 19th century. To have a particular vocabulary to describe a field allows to organize your knowledge.

Ontology

Let us approach a first painful point immediately to thus evacuate it and concentrate on the subject. The origin of the word ontology such as defined in the majority of the dictionaries will not find any reference to data processing.

ontology |änˈtäləjē| noun
The branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of being.
ORIGIN early 18th cent.: from modern Latin ontologia, from Greek ōn, ont- ‘being’ + -logy .

In Philosophy. Part of the metaphysics which applies to the being as being, independently of its particular determinations.
“Being And Nothingness, phenomenologic test of ontology”, Jean-Paul Sartre.

The world of the semantic Web and information sciences especially adapted this term, I do not know by which intermediary, but it is a fact and with the largest prejudice of many philosophers.

Difference between controlled vocabularies, thesaurus, taxonomy and ontology.

A controlled vocabulary is a list of terms that have been enumerated explicitly. This list is controlled by and is available from a controlled vocabulary registration authority. All terms in a controlled vocabulary should have an unambiguous, non-redundant definition. This is a design goal that may not be true in practice. It depends on how strict the controlled vocabulary registration authority is regarding registration of terms into a controlled vocabulary. At a minimum, the following two rules should be enforced:

  1. If the same term is commonly used to mean different concepts in different contexts, then its name is explicitly qualified to resolve this ambiguity.
  2. If multiple terms are used to mean the same thing, one of the terms is identified as the preferred term in the controlled vocabulary and the other terms are listed as synonyms or aliases.

A taxonomy is a collection of controlled vocabulary terms organized into a hierarchical structure. Each term in a taxonomy is in one or more parent-child relationships to other terms in the taxonomy. There may be different types of parent-child relationships in a taxonomy (e.g., whole-part, genus-species, type-instance), but good practice limits all parent-child relationships to a single parent to be of the same type. Some taxonomies allow poly-hierarchy, which means that a term can have multiple parents. This means that if a term appears in multiple places in a taxonomy, then it is the same term. Specifically, if a term has children in one place in a taxonomy, then it has the same children in every other place where it appears.

A thesaurus is a networked collection of controlled vocabulary terms. This means that a thesaurus uses associative relationships in addition to parent-child relationships. The expressiveness of the associative relationships in a thesaurus vary and can be as simple as “related to term” as in term A is related to term B.

People use the word ontology to mean different things, e.g. glossaries & data dictionaries, thesauri & taxonomies, schemas & data models, and formal ontologies & inference. A formal ontology is a controlled vocabulary expressed in an ontology representation language. This language has a grammar for using vocabulary terms to express something meaningful within a specified domain of interest. The grammar contains formal constraints (e.g., specifies what it means to be a well-formed statement, assertion, query, etc.) on how terms in the ontology’s controlled vocabulary can be used together.

People make commitments to use a specific controlled vocabulary or ontology for a domain of interest. Enforcement of an ontology’s grammar may be rigorous or lax. Frequently, the grammar for a "light-weight" ontology is not completely specified, i.e., it has implicit rules that are not explicitly documented.

A meta-model is an explicit model of the constructs and rules needed to build specific models within a domain of interest. A valid meta-model is an ontology, but not all ontologies are modeled explicitly as meta-models. A meta-model can be viewed from three different perspectives:

  1. as a set of building blocks and rules used to build models
  2. as a model of a domain of interest, and
  3. as an instance of another model.

When comparing meta-models to ontologies, we are talking about meta-models as models (perspective 2).

Note: Meta-modeling as a domain of interest can have its own ontology. For example, the CDIF Family of Standards, which contains the CDIF Meta-meta-model along with rules for modeling and extensibility and transfer format, is such an ontology. When modelers use a modeling tool to construct models, they are making a commitment to use the ontology implemented in the modeling tool. This model making ontology is usually called a meta-model, with “model making” as its domain of interest.

Bottom line: Taxonomies and Thesauri may relate terms in a controlled vocabulary via parent-child and associative relationships, but do not contain explicit grammar rules to constrain how to use controlled vocabulary terms to express (model) something meaningful within a domain of interest. A meta-model is an ontology used by modelers. People make commitments to use a specific controlled vocabulary or ontology for a doma

Semantic Web: which tools for the Power? Part I

Frédéric — Sun, 01 Apr 2007 23:40:00 +0200

Well, well, Well. One day, a friend of mine told me about Semantic Web tools and technologies. It's all about how machine can figure out, interpret and used natural language contents on the Web. There are lot of languages so complex to deal with information. You can have a look here to discove the big cake! However, I think the idea to manage web content by the machine could be sexy. When I read through this last link I thought what is this soup?

So I think, the first step in my case should be to build massive, huge free, open repositories of information through collaborative way.

My last blog contact, Pedro Beltrao (thanks Pedro), gave me an example of this kind of repository: freebase I don't have any invitation yet. I will inform you in next weeks. I hope.

Come back to my friend. Finally, I asked him where is a frontier between Semantic Web tools and Web 2.0 tools?

We will discuss this point next week...

Some new vocabulary you can try with your girlfriend :) Good luck

- FOAF (http://www.foaf-project.org/) - SIOC (http://sioc-project.org/)

Christophe

Bringing Semantic Web to real life?

Frédéric — Sun, 25 Mar 2007 23:24:00 +0200

Thanks to the cool Apps with Web 2.0 features that promote people's thinkings, I end up to believe there is a road to Semantic Web aka Web 3.0. The potential applicability of the Semantic Web is very broad.

So, what 's the Semantic Web? The Wikipedia defines the Semantic Web as a project that intends to create a universal medium for information sharing by transforming documents with computer-processable meaning on the Web. The core idea is to create the meta data describing the data, which will enable computers to process the meaning of things. Once computers are equipped with semantics, they will be capable of solving complex semantical optimization problems. Meaning, computers help us to go through information to avoid time-consuming tasks.

Semantic Web is Personalized Web. So far people use mediation tools, for example, annotations to define information into flexible and open information, persistent personal preferences, even relevant data as filters. That's the key, actually. Others tools are Knowledge Discovery, Knowledge Management and Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA). Plus, a new challenge is to give for all of us end-user apps which integrate, combine and deduce information neede to assist people in performing tasks.

Could Semantic Web give the Power to the People? Not quite but one day...

Christophe

Next week: Semantic Web: which tools for the power?

Further Information:

- - The Semantic Web by Time Berners-Lee.

- - Jena.

- - Joseki.

Excellent Overview of Benefits of RDF and SPARQL

Frédéric — Mon, 19 Mar 2007 14:13:00 +0100

This article on XML.com is a very good summary of the benefits of RDF and SPARQL -- two of the key technologies of the emerging Semantic Web.